Djedefre (2528-2518)
Djedefre was the first of Kheops' children to succeed his father. He was also the first king to have added the element 'son of Re' to the royal titulary.
Djedefre Quick Facts
ChronologyDynasty: 4th
Predecessor: Kheops
Successor: Khefren
Highest Year: 11th Cattle Count
Reign: 2528 -2518 BC.
Family
Father: Kheops
Wives: Hetepheres II, Khentet-en-ka
Children: Baka, Hernet, Neferhetepes, Setka
Biography of Djedefre
Kheops was succeeded by Djedefre, his oldest surviving son. The name of Djedefre's mother is unknown.
He married his (half-) sister Hetepheres II, which is often seen as a means to legitimise his claims to the throne, especially if his mother was one of Kheops’ lesser wives. It is not known whether there were any children to this marriage.
He also had another wive, Khentet-en-ka with whom he had (at least) three sons, Setka, Baka and Hernet and probably also one daughter, Neferhetepes, who is sometimes believed to have been the mother of Userkaf, the founder of the 5th Dynasty.
The Turin Canon credits him with a rule of only 8 years, but the highest known year referenced to during this reign was the year of the 11th cattle count. This would mean that Djedefre ruled for at least 11 years, if the cattle counts were annual, or 21 years if the cattle counts were biennial.
He was the first king to use the title 'Son of Re' as part of his titulary which is seen as an indication of the growing popularity of the cult of the solar god Re. This was the last element to be added to the royal titulary.
He continued the move north by building his now badly ruined pyramid at Abu Rawash, some 8 km to the North of Giza. It is the northern most part of the Memphite necropolis.
He married his (half-) sister Hetepheres II, which is often seen as a means to legitimise his claims to the throne, especially if his mother was one of Kheops’ lesser wives. It is not known whether there were any children to this marriage.
He also had another wive, Khentet-en-ka with whom he had (at least) three sons, Setka, Baka and Hernet and probably also one daughter, Neferhetepes, who is sometimes believed to have been the mother of Userkaf, the founder of the 5th Dynasty.
The Turin Canon credits him with a rule of only 8 years, but the highest known year referenced to during this reign was the year of the 11th cattle count. This would mean that Djedefre ruled for at least 11 years, if the cattle counts were annual, or 21 years if the cattle counts were biennial.
He was the first king to use the title 'Son of Re' as part of his titulary which is seen as an indication of the growing popularity of the cult of the solar god Re. This was the last element to be added to the royal titulary.
He continued the move north by building his now badly ruined pyramid at Abu Rawash, some 8 km to the North of Giza. It is the northern most part of the Memphite necropolis.
Titulary of Djedefre
Horus Name
- Hr xprHorus has become
Nebti Name
- xpr m nb.tjThe one who has become the Two Ladies
Golden Falcon Name
- bik.w nbw(.w)The golden falcons
- bik.wj nbw(.wj)The two falcons are golden
Prenomen
- Dd=f raDjedefre
- Dd=f raDjedefre
Kinglists
- Dd=f raDjedefre
Manetho
Africanus: Ratoîses
Eusebius: Eusebius doesn't mention this king.
Alternative names in modern-day literature
Redjedef, Radjedef, Rededef, Radedef, Didoufre, Didoufri, Dedefre, Dedefra, Djedefra
Pyramid Complex at Abu Rawash
The most important monument in the mountainous region of Abu Rawash, is the mortuary complex of Djedefre.
There has been a lot of speculation about Djedefre's motivation to build his funerary monument at Abu Rawash and not next to his father's at Giza.
A very common view is that Djedefre chose this remote place to distance himself from the despotic reign of his father, whereas his brother Khefren, returned to Giza because he held the same views as Kheops. The fact that Djedefre built his pyramid away from his father's would thus be telltale of some dynastic feuds in the beginning of the 4th Dynasty. The fact, however, that Mykerinos, son of Khefren, undertook some restoration work at Djedefre's funerary monument does not fit well with the romantic theory of dynastic feuds.It must be noted that during the early 4th Dynasty, there appears to have been a move towards the North for the royal funerary complex. Snofru moved from Meidum, where he at least completed or perhaps even built a pyramid, to Dashur where he built two pyramids. His son, Kheops, moved even further North, to Giza and Djedefre completed this move by building his pyramid in Abu Rawash. The motivation behind this move North is not clear, but it is still interesting to note.
Recently, it has been proposed that Djedefre moved to Abu Rawash because it was situated opposite Heliopolis, the city of the solar cult. During the reign of Djedefre, the solar cult gained a lot in importance, as is shown by the addition of the title Son of Re to the royal titulary. This could at least explain Djedefre's choice of location, but it does not explain why Kheops moved to Giza.
The structure of Djedefre's funerary monument is fairly simple, but it already has all the elements that are typical for the Old Kingdom. The complex has an inner enclosure wall that rose to a height of about 6 metres.
There has been a lot of speculation about Djedefre's motivation to build his funerary monument at Abu Rawash and not next to his father's at Giza.
A very common view is that Djedefre chose this remote place to distance himself from the despotic reign of his father, whereas his brother Khefren, returned to Giza because he held the same views as Kheops. The fact that Djedefre built his pyramid away from his father's would thus be telltale of some dynastic feuds in the beginning of the 4th Dynasty. The fact, however, that Mykerinos, son of Khefren, undertook some restoration work at Djedefre's funerary monument does not fit well with the romantic theory of dynastic feuds.It must be noted that during the early 4th Dynasty, there appears to have been a move towards the North for the royal funerary complex. Snofru moved from Meidum, where he at least completed or perhaps even built a pyramid, to Dashur where he built two pyramids. His son, Kheops, moved even further North, to Giza and Djedefre completed this move by building his pyramid in Abu Rawash. The motivation behind this move North is not clear, but it is still interesting to note.
Recently, it has been proposed that Djedefre moved to Abu Rawash because it was situated opposite Heliopolis, the city of the solar cult. During the reign of Djedefre, the solar cult gained a lot in importance, as is shown by the addition of the title Son of Re to the royal titulary. This could at least explain Djedefre's choice of location, but it does not explain why Kheops moved to Giza.
The structure of Djedefre's funerary monument is fairly simple, but it already has all the elements that are typical for the Old Kingdom. The complex has an inner enclosure wall that rose to a height of about 6 metres.
Source: Lehner, Complete Pyramids, p. 120.
The entrance leading down to the pyramid's central shaft.
A 49 metre long corridor slopes up to ground level, providing the entrance to the pyramid. As was already traditional, this entrance was located in the north, pointing to the circumpolar stars.
So little remains of the pyramid, that it was assumed it was left unfinished.
Source: Lehner, Complete Pyramids, p. 121.
Source: Lehner, Complete Pyramids, p. 121.
There was a smaller satellite pyramid built to the Southwest of the main pyramid, whereas the mortuary temple, including a small boat pit, stood to the east. It was finished with mudbrick, suggesting that work on the mortuary temple was completed hastily.
A view on the remains of the mortuary temple, with two of the Giza pyramids in the background.
Source: Lehner, Complete Pyramids, p. 121.
Source: Lehner, Complete Pyramids, p. 121.
Khefren, Djedefre's successor, may have ordered to complete working on this complex as fast as possible so that work on his own funerary monument could start without delay.
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